{"id":1820,"date":"2017-02-11T22:38:46","date_gmt":"2017-02-11T22:38:46","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.infopapua.org\/?p=1820"},"modified":"2023-12-15T18:16:07","modified_gmt":"2023-12-15T18:16:07","slug":"the-100bn-gold-mine-and-the-west-papuans-who-say-they-are-counting-the-cost","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.infopapua.org\/?p=1820","title":{"rendered":"The $100bn gold mine and the West Papuans who say they are counting the cost"},"content":{"rendered":"<header class=\"content__head tonal__head tonal__head--tone-feature \">\n<div class=\"content__header tonal__header\">\n<div class=\"gs-container\">\n<div class=\"content__main-column u-cf\">\n<h1 class=\"content__headline js-score\">The $100bn gold mine and the West Papuans who say they are counting the cost<\/h1>\n<p>Link: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2016\/nov\/02\/100-bn-dollar-gold-mine-west-papuans-say-they-are-counting-the-cost-indonesia\">https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2016\/nov\/02\/100-bn-dollar-gold-mine-west-papuans-say-they-are-counting-the-cost-indonesia<\/a><\/p>\n<p>By <a class=\"tone-colour\" href=\"https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/profile\/susan-schulman\" rel=\"author\" data-link-name=\"auto tag link\">Susan Schulman<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tonal__standfirst u-cf\">\n<div class=\"gs-container\">\n<div class=\"content__main-column\">\n<div class=\"content__standfirst\" data-link-name=\"standfirst\" data-component=\"standfirst\">\n<p>Grasberg mine in the Indonesian region has been a source of untold wealth for its owners, but local communities say it has brought poverty and oppression<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/header>\n<figure id=\"img-1\" class=\"media-primary media-content media-primary--showcase \" data-component=\"image\" data-media-id=\"7dc017bc5af3cdf00de940389b2d9aacc862b6c1\">\n<div class=\"u-responsive-ratio u-responsive-ratio--letterbox\"><picture><source srcset=\"https:\/\/i.guim.co.uk\/img\/media\/7dc017bc5af3cdf00de940389b2d9aacc862b6c1\/0_0_5760_3840\/master\/5760.jpg?w=1300&amp;q=20&amp;auto=format&amp;usm=12&amp;fit=max&amp;dpr=2&amp;s=764f39b4757e5c2bdfedaf530075eaa8 2600w\" media=\"(min-width: 1300px) and (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1.25), (min-width: 1300px) and (min-resolution: 120dpi)\" sizes=\"1300px\" \/><source srcset=\"https:\/\/i.guim.co.uk\/img\/media\/7dc017bc5af3cdf00de940389b2d9aacc862b6c1\/0_0_5760_3840\/master\/5760.jpg?w=1300&amp;q=55&amp;auto=format&amp;usm=12&amp;fit=max&amp;s=9ad1f4168b343bb1954e495da367e073 1300w\" media=\"(min-width: 1300px)\" sizes=\"1300px\" \/><source srcset=\"https:\/\/i.guim.co.uk\/img\/media\/7dc017bc5af3cdf00de940389b2d9aacc862b6c1\/0_0_5760_3840\/master\/5760.jpg?w=1140&amp;q=20&amp;auto=format&amp;usm=12&amp;fit=max&amp;dpr=2&amp;s=17bb5d10a31f2df97a5d51f37b41c7b3 2280w\" media=\"(min-width: 1140px) and (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1.25), (min-width: 1140px) and (min-resolution: 120dpi)\" sizes=\"1140px\" \/><source srcset=\"https:\/\/i.guim.co.uk\/img\/media\/7dc017bc5af3cdf00de940389b2d9aacc862b6c1\/0_0_5760_3840\/master\/5760.jpg?w=1140&amp;q=55&amp;auto=format&amp;usm=12&amp;fit=max&amp;s=d76f5a4eacf2ff456d9bacee023e00a6 1140w\" media=\"(min-width: 1140px)\" sizes=\"1140px\" \/><source srcset=\"https:\/\/i.guim.co.uk\/img\/media\/7dc017bc5af3cdf00de940389b2d9aacc862b6c1\/0_0_5760_3840\/master\/5760.jpg?w=1125&amp;q=20&amp;auto=format&amp;usm=12&amp;fit=max&amp;dpr=2&amp;s=253686bcba6b2f089101f16fb6eed0f2 2250w\" media=\"(min-width: 980px) and (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1.25), (min-width: 980px) and (min-resolution: 120dpi)\" sizes=\"1125px\" \/><source srcset=\"https:\/\/i.guim.co.uk\/img\/media\/7dc017bc5af3cdf00de940389b2d9aacc862b6c1\/0_0_5760_3840\/master\/5760.jpg?w=1125&amp;q=55&amp;auto=format&amp;usm=12&amp;fit=max&amp;s=7a83751d2569d30ca137e0462f7b3121 1125w\" media=\"(min-width: 980px)\" sizes=\"1125px\" \/><source srcset=\"https:\/\/i.guim.co.uk\/img\/media\/7dc017bc5af3cdf00de940389b2d9aacc862b6c1\/0_0_5760_3840\/master\/5760.jpg?w=965&amp;q=20&amp;auto=format&amp;usm=12&amp;fit=max&amp;dpr=2&amp;s=19f1f83dc53778cbb60578ce3dea8a39 1930w\" media=\"(min-width: 740px) and (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1.25), (min-width: 740px) and (min-resolution: 120dpi)\" sizes=\"965px\" \/><source srcset=\"https:\/\/i.guim.co.uk\/img\/media\/7dc017bc5af3cdf00de940389b2d9aacc862b6c1\/0_0_5760_3840\/master\/5760.jpg?w=965&amp;q=55&amp;auto=format&amp;usm=12&amp;fit=max&amp;s=78b957da420998d356ee288ad85a84f6 965w\" media=\"(min-width: 740px)\" sizes=\"965px\" \/><source srcset=\"https:\/\/i.guim.co.uk\/img\/media\/7dc017bc5af3cdf00de940389b2d9aacc862b6c1\/0_0_5760_3840\/master\/5760.jpg?w=725&amp;q=20&amp;auto=format&amp;usm=12&amp;fit=max&amp;dpr=2&amp;s=5b0c8190f61f07bcd900612ece09c7a7 1450w\" media=\"(min-width: 660px) and (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1.25), (min-width: 660px) and (min-resolution: 120dpi)\" sizes=\"725px\" \/><source srcset=\"https:\/\/i.guim.co.uk\/img\/media\/7dc017bc5af3cdf00de940389b2d9aacc862b6c1\/0_0_5760_3840\/master\/5760.jpg?w=725&amp;q=55&amp;auto=format&amp;usm=12&amp;fit=max&amp;s=a5779cef1b11d5604ca7438231d4ab5e 725w\" media=\"(min-width: 660px)\" sizes=\"725px\" \/><source srcset=\"https:\/\/i.guim.co.uk\/img\/media\/7dc017bc5af3cdf00de940389b2d9aacc862b6c1\/0_0_5760_3840\/master\/5760.jpg?w=645&amp;q=20&amp;auto=format&amp;usm=12&amp;fit=max&amp;dpr=2&amp;s=b6205cfdceea4011734831b5a9c1d0b8 1290w\" media=\"(min-width: 480px) and (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1.25), (min-width: 480px) and (min-resolution: 120dpi)\" sizes=\"645px\" \/><source srcset=\"https:\/\/i.guim.co.uk\/img\/media\/7dc017bc5af3cdf00de940389b2d9aacc862b6c1\/0_0_5760_3840\/master\/5760.jpg?w=645&amp;q=55&amp;auto=format&amp;usm=12&amp;fit=max&amp;s=d01bdb778304f86076585d66ea71be01 645w\" media=\"(min-width: 480px)\" sizes=\"645px\" \/><source srcset=\"https:\/\/i.guim.co.uk\/img\/media\/7dc017bc5af3cdf00de940389b2d9aacc862b6c1\/0_0_5760_3840\/master\/5760.jpg?w=465&amp;q=20&amp;auto=format&amp;usm=12&amp;fit=max&amp;dpr=2&amp;s=cf39809a6de5c4c26a4376ff2f9e1b32 930w\" media=\"(min-width: 0px) and (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1.25), (min-width: 0px) and (min-resolution: 120dpi)\" sizes=\"465px\" \/><source srcset=\"https:\/\/i.guim.co.uk\/img\/media\/7dc017bc5af3cdf00de940389b2d9aacc862b6c1\/0_0_5760_3840\/master\/5760.jpg?w=465&amp;q=55&amp;auto=format&amp;usm=12&amp;fit=max&amp;s=e78957b67a12ca3566647e54c0e95eb2 465w\" media=\"(min-width: 0px)\" sizes=\"465px\" \/><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"maxed responsive-img\" src=\"https:\/\/i.guim.co.uk\/img\/media\/7dc017bc5af3cdf00de940389b2d9aacc862b6c1\/0_0_5760_3840\/master\/5760.jpg?w=300&amp;q=55&amp;auto=format&amp;usm=12&amp;fit=max&amp;s=8b624602611bafa5ebfac93e2d7b4338\" alt=\"West Papua's Aikwa river\" \/> <\/picture><\/div><figcaption class=\"caption caption--img caption--main\">The delta of West Papua\u2019s Aikwa river, on Kamoro tribe land. Papuans claim tailing sediment from the mine has suffocated the fish and shrimp on which their diet and economy are based. All photographs: Susan Schulman<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<div class=\"content__main tonal__main tonal__main--tone-feature\">\n<div class=\"gs-container\">\n<div class=\"content__main-column content__main-column--article js-content-main-column \">\n<div class=\"js-sport-tabs football-tabs content__mobile-full-width\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"content__meta-container js-content-meta js-football-meta u-cf content__meta-container--showcase \">\n<div class=\"badge badge--alt \">Global development is supported by <a class=\"badge__link\" href=\"http:\/\/www.gatesfoundation.org\/\" data-sponsor=\"bill and melinda gates foundation\"> <img decoding=\"async\" class=\"badge__logo\" src=\"https:\/\/static.theguardian.com\/commercial\/sponsor\/global-development\/global-development\/logo.png\" alt=\"Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation\" \/> <\/a> <a class=\"badge__help\" href=\"http:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2010\/sep\/14\/about-this-site\">About this content<\/a><\/div>\n<div class=\"meta__extras meta__extras--notice \"><\/div>\n<p class=\"byline\" data-link-name=\"byline\" data-component=\"meta-byline\"><a class=\"tone-colour\" href=\"https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/profile\/susan-schulman\" rel=\"author\" data-link-name=\"auto tag link\">Susan Schulman<\/a> in Timika<\/p>\n<p class=\"content__dateline\"><time class=\"content__dateline-wpd js-wpd content__dateline-wpd--modified\" datetime=\"2016-11-02T00:05:04+0000\" data-timestamp=\"1478045104000\"> Wednesday 2 November 2016 <span class=\"content__dateline-time\">00.05\u00a0GMT<\/span> <\/time> <time class=\"content__dateline-lm js-lm u-h\" datetime=\"2017-02-02T12:28:03+0000\" data-timestamp=\"1486038483000\"> Last modified on Thursday 2 February 2017 <span class=\"content__dateline-time\">12.28\u00a0GMT<\/span> <\/time><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"content__article-body from-content-api js-article__body\" data-test-id=\"article-review-body\">\n<p><span class=\"drop-cap\"><span class=\"drop-cap__inner\">I<\/span><\/span>n 1936, Dutch geologist <a class=\"u-underline\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jean_Jacques_Dozy\" data-link-name=\"in body link\">Jean Jacques Dozy<\/a> climbed the world\u2019s highest island peak: the forbidding Mount Carstensz, a snow-covered silver crag on what was then known as Dutch New Guinea. During the 4,800-metre ascent, Dozy noticed an unusual rock outcrop veined with green streaks. Samples he brought back confirmed exceptionally rich gold and copper deposits.<\/p>\n<p>Today, these remote, sharp-edged mountains are part of West Papua, Indonesia, and home to the Grasberg mine, one of the biggest gold mines \u2013 and third largest copper mine \u2013 in the world. Majority-owned by the American mining firm Freeport McMoRan, Grasberg is now Indonesia\u2019s biggest taxpayer, with reserves <a class=\"u-underline\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/c65b8c78-12cf-11e6-91da-096d89bd2173\" data-link-name=\"in body link\">worth an estimated $100bn<\/a> (\u00a380bn).<\/p>\n<p>But a recent fact-finding mission (by the Brisbane Archdiocese\u2019s Catholic Justice and Peace Commission) described a <a class=\"u-underline\" href=\"https:\/\/cjpcbrisbane.files.wordpress.com\/2016\/05\/we-will-lose-everything-may-2016.pdf\" data-link-name=\"in body link\">\u201cslow-motion genocide\u201d<\/a> (pdf) taking place in West Papua, warning that its indigenous population is at risk of becoming \u201can anthropological museum exhibit of a bygone culture\u201d.<\/p>\n<figure class=\"element element-interactive interactive\" data-interactive=\"https:\/\/interactive.guim.co.uk\/embed\/iframe-wrapper\/0.1\/boot.js\" data-canonical-url=\"https:\/\/interactive.guim.co.uk\/uploader\/embed\/2016\/11\/papua_final_map\/giv-1406XhvALpZTdk91\/\" data-alt=\"West Papua locator\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/interactive.guim.co.uk\/uploader\/embed\/2016\/11\/papua_final_map\/giv-1406XhvALpZTdk91\/\" width=\"300\" height=\"420\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"><\/iframe><\/figure>\n<p>Since the <a class=\"u-underline\" href=\"https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2008\/jan\/27\/obituaries.johngittings\" data-link-name=\"in body link\">Suharto dictatorship<\/a> annexed the region in a 1969 <a class=\"u-underline\" href=\"https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2016\/jun\/17\/indonesia-accused-of-arresting-more-than-1000-in-west-papua\" data-link-name=\"in body link\">UN referendum largely seen as a fixed land grab<\/a>, an estimated <a class=\"u-underline\" href=\"https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2016\/may\/03\/west-papua-un-must-supervise-vote-on-independence-says-coalition\" data-link-name=\"in body link\">500,000 West Papuans<\/a> have been killed in their fight for self-rule. Decades of <a class=\"u-underline\" href=\"http:\/\/catholicleader.com.au\/news\/new-catholic-report-tells-stories-of-murder-kidnapping-and-torture-in-west-papua\" data-link-name=\"in body link\">military and police oppression, kidnapping and torture<\/a> have created a long-standing culture of fear. Local and foreign journalists are routinely <a class=\"u-underline\" href=\"https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/report\/2015\/11\/10\/something-hide\/indonesias-restrictions-media-freedom-and-rights-monitoring-papua\" data-link-name=\"in body link\">banned, detained, beaten<\/a> and <a class=\"u-underline\" href=\"https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/media\/greenslade\/2014\/oct\/17\/press-freedom-indonesia\" data-link-name=\"in body link\">forced to face trial<\/a> on trumped-up charges. <a class=\"u-underline\" href=\"https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/news\/2011\/08\/14\/indonesia-military-documents-reveal-unlawful-spying-papua\" data-link-name=\"in body link\">Undercover police regularly trail indigenous religious, social and political leaders<\/a>. And children still in primary school <a class=\"u-underline\" href=\"http:\/\/asiapacificreport.nz\/2016\/09\/28\/new-report-details-human-rights-abuses-in-west-papua\/\" data-link-name=\"in body link\">have been jailed<\/a> for taking part in demonstrations calling for independence from Indonesia.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cThere is no justice in this country,\u201d whispered one indigenous villager on condition of anonymity, looking over his shoulder fearfully. \u201cIt is an island without law.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>****<\/p>\n<p>Dozy had not set out to find gold in 1936; his goal was to scale the region\u2019s highest glacial peak. But his discovery sparked the interest of Freeport Sulphur \u2013 later to become Freeport Minerals Company and then, through a 1981 merger with the McMoRan Oil and Gas Company, Freeport McMoRan \u2013 whose board of directors included the well-connected Godfrey Rockefeller (serving from 1931 until the early 1980s) and Henry Kissinger (1988-1995).<\/p>\n<p>Today, indigenous tribes such as the Kamoro and the Amungme claim their communities have been racked with poverty, disease, oppression and environmental degradation since the mine began operations in 1973.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"img-2\" class=\"element element-image img--landscape element--supporting fig--narrow-caption fig--has-shares \" data-component=\"image\" data-media-id=\"bdeb950e6ab9146c4d86e102776ba987450caf61\">\n<div class=\"u-responsive-ratio\"><picture><source srcset=\"https:\/\/i.guim.co.uk\/img\/media\/bdeb950e6ab9146c4d86e102776ba987450caf61\/509_107_3475_2549\/master\/3475.jpg?w=380&amp;q=20&amp;auto=format&amp;usm=12&amp;fit=max&amp;dpr=2&amp;s=30095b84e1507f71d8c1c3c55f9a7492 760w\" media=\"(min-width: 1300px) and (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1.25), (min-width: 1300px) and (min-resolution: 120dpi)\" sizes=\"380px\" \/><source srcset=\"https:\/\/i.guim.co.uk\/img\/media\/bdeb950e6ab9146c4d86e102776ba987450caf61\/509_107_3475_2549\/master\/3475.jpg?w=380&amp;q=55&amp;auto=format&amp;usm=12&amp;fit=max&amp;s=2f0b8d217a7c2fe4cb92356fd313c587 380w\" media=\"(min-width: 1300px)\" sizes=\"380px\" \/><source srcset=\"https:\/\/i.guim.co.uk\/img\/media\/bdeb950e6ab9146c4d86e102776ba987450caf61\/509_107_3475_2549\/master\/3475.jpg?w=300&amp;q=20&amp;auto=format&amp;usm=12&amp;fit=max&amp;dpr=2&amp;s=5c173ad28b525cbfe24e771bf1ab6f4b 600w\" media=\"(min-width: 980px) and (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1.25), (min-width: 980px) and (min-resolution: 120dpi)\" sizes=\"300px\" \/><source srcset=\"https:\/\/i.guim.co.uk\/img\/media\/bdeb950e6ab9146c4d86e102776ba987450caf61\/509_107_3475_2549\/master\/3475.jpg?w=300&amp;q=55&amp;auto=format&amp;usm=12&amp;fit=max&amp;s=d6e30641f57c22de38bb7c51a7ca2cfd 300w\" media=\"(min-width: 980px)\" sizes=\"300px\" \/><source srcset=\"https:\/\/i.guim.co.uk\/img\/media\/bdeb950e6ab9146c4d86e102776ba987450caf61\/509_107_3475_2549\/master\/3475.jpg?w=620&amp;q=20&amp;auto=format&amp;usm=12&amp;fit=max&amp;dpr=2&amp;s=565548faf7b375618820ef94ce1f6e15 1240w\" media=\"(min-width: 660px) and (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1.25), (min-width: 660px) and (min-resolution: 120dpi)\" sizes=\"620px\" \/><source srcset=\"https:\/\/i.guim.co.uk\/img\/media\/bdeb950e6ab9146c4d86e102776ba987450caf61\/509_107_3475_2549\/master\/3475.jpg?w=620&amp;q=55&amp;auto=format&amp;usm=12&amp;fit=max&amp;s=ae20ddf8134a466ad0c13f7fc2b5560b 620w\" media=\"(min-width: 660px)\" sizes=\"620px\" \/><source srcset=\"https:\/\/i.guim.co.uk\/img\/media\/bdeb950e6ab9146c4d86e102776ba987450caf61\/509_107_3475_2549\/master\/3475.jpg?w=605&amp;q=20&amp;auto=format&amp;usm=12&amp;fit=max&amp;dpr=2&amp;s=80654032ae9e3b1dbc1d306ebb21836a 1210w\" media=\"(min-width: 480px) and (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1.25), (min-width: 480px) and (min-resolution: 120dpi)\" sizes=\"605px\" \/><source srcset=\"https:\/\/i.guim.co.uk\/img\/media\/bdeb950e6ab9146c4d86e102776ba987450caf61\/509_107_3475_2549\/master\/3475.jpg?w=605&amp;q=55&amp;auto=format&amp;usm=12&amp;fit=max&amp;s=aec38ed7999655986009778758700a6d 605w\" media=\"(min-width: 480px)\" sizes=\"605px\" \/><source srcset=\"https:\/\/i.guim.co.uk\/img\/media\/bdeb950e6ab9146c4d86e102776ba987450caf61\/509_107_3475_2549\/master\/3475.jpg?w=445&amp;q=20&amp;auto=format&amp;usm=12&amp;fit=max&amp;dpr=2&amp;s=75039be5c17e77f102daeea7302dbf4d 890w\" media=\"(min-width: 0px) and (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1.25), (min-width: 0px) and (min-resolution: 120dpi)\" sizes=\"445px\" \/><source srcset=\"https:\/\/i.guim.co.uk\/img\/media\/bdeb950e6ab9146c4d86e102776ba987450caf61\/509_107_3475_2549\/master\/3475.jpg?w=445&amp;q=55&amp;auto=format&amp;usm=12&amp;fit=max&amp;s=7d2234908cc260ed81b9b5e0a7b308a0 445w\" media=\"(min-width: 0px)\" sizes=\"445px\" \/><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"gu-image\" src=\"https:\/\/i.guim.co.uk\/img\/media\/bdeb950e6ab9146c4d86e102776ba987450caf61\/509_107_3475_2549\/master\/3475.jpg?w=300&amp;q=55&amp;auto=format&amp;usm=12&amp;fit=max&amp;s=d6e30641f57c22de38bb7c51a7ca2cfd\" alt=\"Chief of the Kamoro tribe, in Tipuka, West Papua\" \/> <\/picture><\/div>\n<div class=\"block-share block-share--article hide-on-mobile \" data-link-name=\"block share\"><\/div><figcaption class=\"caption caption--img caption caption--img\">Chief of the Kamoro people, Hironimus Urmani, in Tipuka, close to the Grasberg mine.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>\u201cWe are a coastal people, and we depend on the environment,\u201d says the Kamoro\u2019s chief, Hironimus Urmani, in Tipuka, a lowland village down-river from the Grasberg mine. \u201cNature is a blessing from God, and we are known by the three Ss: <em>sago<\/em> [trees], <em>sampan<\/em> [canoes] and <em>sungai<\/em> [rivers]. But life is very difficult now.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Urmani motions to the river opposite, languishing green and motionless. He claims that tailing sediment from the mine has raised the riverbed, suffocating the fish, oysters and shrimp on which the Kamoro diet and economy are traditionally based. A 2012 report from <a class=\"u-underline\" href=\"http:\/\/www.earthworksaction.org\/files\/publications\/Troubled-Waters_FINAL.pdf\" data-link-name=\"in body link\">Earthworks and MiningWatch Canada<\/a> asserts that mine waste from Grasberg has \u201cburied over 166 square kilometres of formerly productive forest and wetlands, and fish have largely disappeared\u201d.<\/p>\n<p>Although most Kamoro still try to eke out a living fishing and foraging for food, they struggle to find paid work, says Urmani. \u201cWe need to earn money. But now we face major competition from non-Papuan migrants.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Locals fear that the government\u2019s controversial transmigration programme, which resettles Indonesians from high-density islands such as Java to low-population areas, is <a class=\"u-underline\" href=\"https:\/\/westpapuamedia.info\/2015\/10\/19\/indonesias-colonial-transmigration-is-intentional-annihilation-of-papuas-indigenous-peoples\/\" data-link-name=\"in body link\">wiping out their population completely<\/a>. Indigenous Melanesian Christians \u2013 they <a class=\"u-underline\" href=\"https:\/\/www.google.co.uk\/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=1&amp;ved=0ahUKEwjStqTT5NfPAhVCCBoKHfINBYUQFggcMAA&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Fsydney.edu.au%2Farts%2Fpeace_conflict%2Fdocs%2Fworking_papers%2FWest_Papuan_Demographics_in_2010_Census.pdf&amp;usg=AFQjCNHCESxtlPlXFfIIByFukFtf16f7EA&amp;sig2=FHuk0vfwa05l5kABHOnP5g&amp;cad=rja\" data-link-name=\"in body link\">comprised 96% of the population in 1971<\/a> (pdf) \u2013 now make up a 48% minority, with numbers expected to fall to 29% by 2020 if migration rates continue.<\/p>\n<figure class=\"element element-interactive interactive\" data-interactive=\"https:\/\/interactive.guim.co.uk\/embed\/iframe-wrapper\/0.1\/boot.js\" data-canonical-url=\"https:\/\/interactive.guim.co.uk\/uploader\/embed\/2016\/10\/index-html-zip\/giv-1406b5fuj2s2dQOO\/\" data-alt=\"West Papua\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/interactive.guim.co.uk\/uploader\/embed\/2016\/10\/index-html-zip\/giv-1406b5fuj2s2dQOO\/\" width=\"300\" height=\"243\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"><\/iframe><\/figure>\n<p>Clashes between the indigenous Christians \u2013 and migrant Indonesian Muslims \u2013 have also resulted in <a class=\"u-underline\" href=\"https:\/\/www.worldwatchmonitor.org\/2015\/08\/3963098\/\" data-link-name=\"in body link\">riots, fires and injuries<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cLand has been taken away, directly by Freeport \u2026 and indirectly, as the Indonesian settlers have appropriated it,\u201d says Dr Agus Sumule, professor of agricultural socio-economics at the University of Papua.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cThe stresses [on indigenous people] are intense,\u201d says Sumule. \u201cThey have been very negatively impacted.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>The Indonesian government signed over to Freeport the right to extract mineral wealth <a class=\"u-underline\" href=\"http:\/\/www.papuaerfgoed.org\/en\/amungme%3A_mountain_papuans_deprived_of_their_land#3.%20Freeport%20%20changes%20%20the%20landscape\" data-link-name=\"in body link\">from the Grasberg site in West Papua in 1967<\/a>. A <a class=\"u-underline\" href=\"http:\/\/pubs.iied.org\/pdfs\/G00563.pdf\" data-link-name=\"in body link\">2002 report<\/a> from the International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED) details that land agreements were not negotiated with the Amungme until 1974, a year after the mine opened, and with the Kamoro in 1997.<\/p>\n<p>The compensation paid for Kamoro and Amungme land has been mainly in the form of communal benefits, such as the <a class=\"u-underline\" href=\"https:\/\/www.google.co.uk\/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=2&amp;ved=0ahUKEwjUr8b2k-TPAhWIPBQKHUe-AewQFggiMAE&amp;url=http%3A%2F%2Fpubs.iied.org%2Fpdfs%2FG00563.pdf&amp;usg=AFQjCNEUjZwo7-iUrd8snZaSqKjlLsYIKQ&amp;sig2=BAxaiQ1fuUmVgqmofKdxmQ&amp;cad=rja\" data-link-name=\"in body link\">building of homes, schools and places of worship<\/a>. The IIED report notes, \u201cPerceptions of land rights and historic compensation claims are a continuing source of dissatisfaction and conflict in the mining area.\u201d<\/p>\n<p><a class=\"u-underline\" href=\"http:\/\/pacificpolicy.org\/2013\/06\/economic-and-social-indicators-in-west-papua\/\" data-link-name=\"in body link\">Recent census data<\/a> shows Papua\u2019s GDP per capita at $3,510, compared to the Indonesian average of $2,452. Yet Papua has the highest poverty rate in the country, nearly three times the national average. It also has the highest infant, child and maternal mortality rates in Indonesia, as well as the worst health indicators, and the poorest literacy rates.<\/p>\n<p>The scale of destitution is best observed from the highland Amungme village of Banti, just 20 miles down from the Grasberg mine.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"img-3\" class=\"element element-image img--landscape fig--narrow-caption fig--has-shares \" data-component=\"image\" data-media-id=\"cc3d38ccd3293fda9e75d4ca1cd1c632658b4acc\">\n<div class=\"u-responsive-ratio\"><picture><source srcset=\"https:\/\/i.guim.co.uk\/img\/media\/cc3d38ccd3293fda9e75d4ca1cd1c632658b4acc\/0_0_5760_3840\/master\/5760.jpg?w=620&amp;q=20&amp;auto=format&amp;usm=12&amp;fit=max&amp;dpr=2&amp;s=00cfce3f1ddc3f6a031fbafa40457ffc 1240w\" media=\"(min-width: 660px) and (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1.25), (min-width: 660px) and (min-resolution: 120dpi)\" sizes=\"620px\" \/><source srcset=\"https:\/\/i.guim.co.uk\/img\/media\/cc3d38ccd3293fda9e75d4ca1cd1c632658b4acc\/0_0_5760_3840\/master\/5760.jpg?w=620&amp;q=55&amp;auto=format&amp;usm=12&amp;fit=max&amp;s=2439543792d8a0a311db160a828b1047 620w\" media=\"(min-width: 660px)\" sizes=\"620px\" \/><source srcset=\"https:\/\/i.guim.co.uk\/img\/media\/cc3d38ccd3293fda9e75d4ca1cd1c632658b4acc\/0_0_5760_3840\/master\/5760.jpg?w=605&amp;q=20&amp;auto=format&amp;usm=12&amp;fit=max&amp;dpr=2&amp;s=84a8b08c1c47d71d6b65bb81b50073e7 1210w\" media=\"(min-width: 480px) and (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1.25), (min-width: 480px) and (min-resolution: 120dpi)\" sizes=\"605px\" \/><source srcset=\"https:\/\/i.guim.co.uk\/img\/media\/cc3d38ccd3293fda9e75d4ca1cd1c632658b4acc\/0_0_5760_3840\/master\/5760.jpg?w=605&amp;q=55&amp;auto=format&amp;usm=12&amp;fit=max&amp;s=0299a2fae0f8c733440e306255644952 605w\" media=\"(min-width: 480px)\" sizes=\"605px\" \/><source srcset=\"https:\/\/i.guim.co.uk\/img\/media\/cc3d38ccd3293fda9e75d4ca1cd1c632658b4acc\/0_0_5760_3840\/master\/5760.jpg?w=445&amp;q=20&amp;auto=format&amp;usm=12&amp;fit=max&amp;dpr=2&amp;s=919e1a66d565c71a8ab7298b774be734 890w\" media=\"(min-width: 0px) and (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1.25), (min-width: 0px) and (min-resolution: 120dpi)\" sizes=\"445px\" \/><source srcset=\"https:\/\/i.guim.co.uk\/img\/media\/cc3d38ccd3293fda9e75d4ca1cd1c632658b4acc\/0_0_5760_3840\/master\/5760.jpg?w=445&amp;q=55&amp;auto=format&amp;usm=12&amp;fit=max&amp;s=f8be2a60c27d35b30320e3eefa8339be 445w\" media=\"(min-width: 0px)\" sizes=\"445px\" \/><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"gu-image\" src=\"https:\/\/i.guim.co.uk\/img\/media\/cc3d38ccd3293fda9e75d4ca1cd1c632658b4acc\/0_0_5760_3840\/master\/5760.jpg?w=300&amp;q=55&amp;auto=format&amp;usm=12&amp;fit=max&amp;s=a78e02289dc157b311c0c213c848eb82\" alt=\"The river Aikwa, near Banti\" \/> <\/picture><\/div>\n<div class=\"block-share block-share--article hide-on-mobile \" data-link-name=\"block share\"><\/div><figcaption class=\"caption caption--img caption caption--img\">The river Aikwa, near Banti, is turned thick and silver with the tailings from the mine. Here, artisanal miners pan the tailings for gold.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Estimates from Earthworks suggest that Freeport dumps as much as <a class=\"u-underline\" href=\"http:\/\/www.circleofblue.org\/2012\/world\/global-gold-rush-the-price-of-mining-pursuits-on-water-supply\/\" data-link-name=\"in body link\">200,000 tonnes of mine waste<\/a>, known as tailings, <a class=\"u-underline\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthworksaction.org\/files\/publications\/Troubled-Waters_Otomina_Ajkwa_Rivers_WestPNG.pdf\" data-link-name=\"in body link\">directly into the Aikwa delta system every day<\/a>. The practice has devastated the environment, according to Earthworks and locals, turning thousands of hectares of verdant forest and mangroves into wasteland and rendering turgid the once-crystal waters of the highlands.<\/p>\n<p>The tailings from the Grasberg mine are so rich with ore that Papuans walk for as long as a week to get here. Crowding the length of the river and the delta wasteland, thousands of unlicensed panners shore up small sections to slow the river\u2019s flow and dig into the thick sediment on the side.<\/p>\n<p>Although some of these panners are located within Freeport\u2019s official mining operations, they are not evicted or controlled in any way, they said. Instead, they claim they sell their findings to the police and military who work as security on the mine. (An anonymous Freeport source also confirmed this).<\/p>\n<p>One of the panners, Martine Wandango, 25, bends over her pail of water as she filters out rocks and searches for ore. \u201cYou can only survive with money, and you can only find money from gold,\u201d says Martine, who followed her husband to the delta 15 years ago by walking 60 miles over the mountains from their remote highland village.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"img-4\" class=\"element element-image img--landscape element--showcase fig--narrow-caption fig--has-shares \" data-component=\"image\" data-media-id=\"24ebd1b7d8453d418da051945e8268c0a9c5b81d\">\n<div class=\"u-responsive-ratio\"><picture><source srcset=\"https:\/\/i.guim.co.uk\/img\/media\/24ebd1b7d8453d418da051945e8268c0a9c5b81d\/0_0_3984_2656\/master\/3984.jpg?w=860&amp;q=20&amp;auto=format&amp;usm=12&amp;fit=max&amp;dpr=2&amp;s=6a832bddeec7e2dd96b5cffb2b44726d 1720w\" media=\"(min-width: 1300px) and (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1.25), (min-width: 1300px) and (min-resolution: 120dpi)\" sizes=\"860px\" \/><source srcset=\"https:\/\/i.guim.co.uk\/img\/media\/24ebd1b7d8453d418da051945e8268c0a9c5b81d\/0_0_3984_2656\/master\/3984.jpg?w=860&amp;q=55&amp;auto=format&amp;usm=12&amp;fit=max&amp;s=2c844294df1c7f0c2e19e885a01d6267 860w\" media=\"(min-width: 1300px)\" sizes=\"860px\" \/><source srcset=\"https:\/\/i.guim.co.uk\/img\/media\/24ebd1b7d8453d418da051945e8268c0a9c5b81d\/0_0_3984_2656\/master\/3984.jpg?w=780&amp;q=20&amp;auto=format&amp;usm=12&amp;fit=max&amp;dpr=2&amp;s=bb4be3a02a3f2764418605d9222a188b 1560w\" media=\"(min-width: 1140px) and (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1.25), (min-width: 1140px) and (min-resolution: 120dpi)\" sizes=\"780px\" \/><source srcset=\"https:\/\/i.guim.co.uk\/img\/media\/24ebd1b7d8453d418da051945e8268c0a9c5b81d\/0_0_3984_2656\/master\/3984.jpg?w=780&amp;q=55&amp;auto=format&amp;usm=12&amp;fit=max&amp;s=c2fa23873410ef242380d607b0f16a8b 780w\" media=\"(min-width: 1140px)\" sizes=\"780px\" \/><source srcset=\"https:\/\/i.guim.co.uk\/img\/media\/24ebd1b7d8453d418da051945e8268c0a9c5b81d\/0_0_3984_2656\/master\/3984.jpg?w=620&amp;q=20&amp;auto=format&amp;usm=12&amp;fit=max&amp;dpr=2&amp;s=ae60def655d34ef882472d09ff8e8877 1240w\" media=\"(min-width: 660px) and (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1.25), (min-width: 660px) and (min-resolution: 120dpi)\" sizes=\"620px\" \/><source srcset=\"https:\/\/i.guim.co.uk\/img\/media\/24ebd1b7d8453d418da051945e8268c0a9c5b81d\/0_0_3984_2656\/master\/3984.jpg?w=620&amp;q=55&amp;auto=format&amp;usm=12&amp;fit=max&amp;s=3dda2392167c2f1bda30d30bf2c635f0 620w\" media=\"(min-width: 660px)\" sizes=\"620px\" \/><source srcset=\"https:\/\/i.guim.co.uk\/img\/media\/24ebd1b7d8453d418da051945e8268c0a9c5b81d\/0_0_3984_2656\/master\/3984.jpg?w=605&amp;q=20&amp;auto=format&amp;usm=12&amp;fit=max&amp;dpr=2&amp;s=193021747a59293b82d500d221a862af 1210w\" media=\"(min-width: 480px) and (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1.25), (min-width: 480px) and (min-resolution: 120dpi)\" sizes=\"605px\" \/><source srcset=\"https:\/\/i.guim.co.uk\/img\/media\/24ebd1b7d8453d418da051945e8268c0a9c5b81d\/0_0_3984_2656\/master\/3984.jpg?w=605&amp;q=55&amp;auto=format&amp;usm=12&amp;fit=max&amp;s=c994a91446c153772abdd960c505bf7f 605w\" media=\"(min-width: 480px)\" sizes=\"605px\" \/><source srcset=\"https:\/\/i.guim.co.uk\/img\/media\/24ebd1b7d8453d418da051945e8268c0a9c5b81d\/0_0_3984_2656\/master\/3984.jpg?w=445&amp;q=20&amp;auto=format&amp;usm=12&amp;fit=max&amp;dpr=2&amp;s=82e5d33aa4ad90f5ef1f83f5453dcef6 890w\" media=\"(min-width: 0px) and (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1.25), (min-width: 0px) and (min-resolution: 120dpi)\" sizes=\"445px\" \/><source srcset=\"https:\/\/i.guim.co.uk\/img\/media\/24ebd1b7d8453d418da051945e8268c0a9c5b81d\/0_0_3984_2656\/master\/3984.jpg?w=445&amp;q=55&amp;auto=format&amp;usm=12&amp;fit=max&amp;s=0257275d42c1cf958b45371a4db08810 445w\" media=\"(min-width: 0px)\" sizes=\"445px\" \/><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"gu-image\" src=\"https:\/\/i.guim.co.uk\/img\/media\/24ebd1b7d8453d418da051945e8268c0a9c5b81d\/0_0_3984_2656\/master\/3984.jpg?w=300&amp;q=55&amp;auto=format&amp;usm=12&amp;fit=max&amp;s=4782d29a07b72bc8159b0ea119f332f7\" alt=\"The Aikwa river delta, near Timika\" \/> <\/picture><\/div>\n<div class=\"block-share block-share--article hide-on-mobile \" data-link-name=\"block share\"><\/div><figcaption class=\"caption caption--img caption caption--img\">The Aikwa river, which used to provide the Kamoro people with the staples of their existence.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>\u201cI work really hard as I want to give my children better lives, so they can go to school. But it isn\u2019t enough, so she helps me here mining,\u201d says Martine of her daughter, nine, who swings a gold pan in her hands. \u201cOn a good day, I can get three grammes, which I sell either to the police or [to buyers] in Timika.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>A tiny village when Freeport arrived here 40 years ago, Timika is now a boom town dotted with bars, brothels, gold-processing shops and various military personnel. Under Indonesian law, Freeport is a designated \u201cstrategic industry\u201d, which mandates that external security for the mine, its access roads and its pipelines all be provided exclusively by Indonesia\u2019s security forces. Freeport has <a class=\"u-underline\" href=\"http:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/news\/world-asia-pacific-14417718\" data-link-name=\"in body link\">never been implicated in any human rights<\/a> abuses allegedly committed by the Indonesian military in Papua.<\/p>\n<p>Freeport McMoRan, based in Phoenix, Arizona, did not respond to multiple requests for comment.<\/p>\n<p>The company\u2019s website defends its method of disposal of tailings at Grasberg, managed by PT Freeport <a class=\"u-underline\" href=\"https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/indonesia\" data-link-name=\"auto-linked-tag\" data-component=\"auto-linked-tag\">Indonesia<\/a> (PTFI), an affiliate company: \u201cPTFI\u2019s controlled riverine tailings management system, which has been approved by the Indonesian government, uses the unnavigable river system in the mountainous highlands near our mine to transport tailings to an engineered area in the lowlands where the tailings and other sediments are managed in a deposition area.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>A <a class=\"u-underline\" href=\"http:\/\/www.circleofblue.org\/2012\/world\/global-gold-rush-the-price-of-mining-pursuits-on-water-supply\/\" data-link-name=\"in body link\">2009 report by the company<\/a> says it utilises levees to contain tailings in the deposition area, and that the tailings management programme costs Freeport McMoRan $15.5m (\u00a312.7m) each year. According to the report, company monitoring of aquatic life in the rivers found that fish and shrimp were suitable for consumption, as regulated by Indonesian food standards, while water quality samples met Indonesian and US Environmental Protection Agency drinking water standards for dissolved metals. In a <a class=\"u-underline\" href=\"http:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/news\/world-asia-pacific-14417718\" data-link-name=\"in body link\">2011 BBC report<\/a> on alleged pollution in the area surrounding Grasberg, the company says that the tailings management method was chosen because studies showed the environmental impact caused by its waste material was reversible.<\/p>\n<p>Elsewhere on its website, the company says: \u201cWe are committed to respecting human rights. Our <a class=\"u-underline\" href=\"http:\/\/www.fcx.com\/sd\/pdf\/hr_policy.pdf\" data-link-name=\"in body link\">human rights policy<\/a> requires us (and our contractors) to conduct business in a manner consistent with the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, and to align our human rights due diligence practices with the United Nations Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights (UN Guiding Principles).\u201d<\/p>\n<p>The company also emphasises its work with indigenous people in <a class=\"u-underline\" href=\"https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/west-papua\" data-link-name=\"auto-linked-tag\" data-component=\"auto-linked-tag\">West Papua<\/a>. A 2015 Freeport McRoRan report on working towards sustainable development said: \u201cPTFI has engaged with indigenous Papuan tribes for decades, including through numerous formal agreements to promote workforce skills training, health, education and basic infrastructure development \u2026 In 2015, PTFI continued to evaluate the effectiveness of alternate options for Kamoro community members whose estuary transport routes are impacted by sedimentation associated with the controlled riverine tailings management system. Provision of smaller sized boats, in addition to 50 passenger vessels, for route flexibility as well as additional local economic development programmes were identified as additional mitigation measures during the year.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Back in the area surrounding the Grasberg mine, many Papuans, struggling for work, find themselves pulled into the bar and sex industries that cater to the miners, particularly around the highland village of Banti. Here brothels and bars line up side by side, allegedly with help from the Indonesian military, who are said to supply sex workers and alcohol, according to a Freeport source who wished to remain anonymous.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"img-5\" class=\"element element-image img--landscape fig--narrow-caption fig--has-shares \" data-component=\"image\" data-media-id=\"d89c3b955d48c4b2445d4a472061e1a7be97ebe8\">\n<div class=\"u-responsive-ratio\"><picture><source srcset=\"https:\/\/i.guim.co.uk\/img\/media\/d89c3b955d48c4b2445d4a472061e1a7be97ebe8\/0_66_3984_2390\/master\/3984.jpg?w=620&amp;q=20&amp;auto=format&amp;usm=12&amp;fit=max&amp;dpr=2&amp;s=8d072a1ede11030b80a559bc1e4feebe 1240w\" media=\"(min-width: 660px) and (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1.25), (min-width: 660px) and (min-resolution: 120dpi)\" sizes=\"620px\" \/><source srcset=\"https:\/\/i.guim.co.uk\/img\/media\/d89c3b955d48c4b2445d4a472061e1a7be97ebe8\/0_66_3984_2390\/master\/3984.jpg?w=620&amp;q=55&amp;auto=format&amp;usm=12&amp;fit=max&amp;s=72e7e2422e8772dc06bc950c942eaa97 620w\" media=\"(min-width: 660px)\" sizes=\"620px\" \/><source srcset=\"https:\/\/i.guim.co.uk\/img\/media\/d89c3b955d48c4b2445d4a472061e1a7be97ebe8\/0_66_3984_2390\/master\/3984.jpg?w=605&amp;q=20&amp;auto=format&amp;usm=12&amp;fit=max&amp;dpr=2&amp;s=3034a8d70ee86742362a874f584e3e2e 1210w\" media=\"(min-width: 480px) and (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1.25), (min-width: 480px) and (min-resolution: 120dpi)\" sizes=\"605px\" \/><source srcset=\"https:\/\/i.guim.co.uk\/img\/media\/d89c3b955d48c4b2445d4a472061e1a7be97ebe8\/0_66_3984_2390\/master\/3984.jpg?w=605&amp;q=55&amp;auto=format&amp;usm=12&amp;fit=max&amp;s=1446b2f627b60abd6b7e309ccb679a05 605w\" media=\"(min-width: 480px)\" sizes=\"605px\" \/><source srcset=\"https:\/\/i.guim.co.uk\/img\/media\/d89c3b955d48c4b2445d4a472061e1a7be97ebe8\/0_66_3984_2390\/master\/3984.jpg?w=445&amp;q=20&amp;auto=format&amp;usm=12&amp;fit=max&amp;dpr=2&amp;s=c5d253d43019ecbca8a54e436ff4a5f9 890w\" media=\"(min-width: 0px) and (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1.25), (min-width: 0px) and (min-resolution: 120dpi)\" sizes=\"445px\" \/><source srcset=\"https:\/\/i.guim.co.uk\/img\/media\/d89c3b955d48c4b2445d4a472061e1a7be97ebe8\/0_66_3984_2390\/master\/3984.jpg?w=445&amp;q=55&amp;auto=format&amp;usm=12&amp;fit=max&amp;s=9c75b8c68125c09daa9ce3e8e25cf366 445w\" media=\"(min-width: 0px)\" sizes=\"445px\" \/><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"gu-image\" src=\"https:\/\/i.guim.co.uk\/img\/media\/d89c3b955d48c4b2445d4a472061e1a7be97ebe8\/0_66_3984_2390\/master\/3984.jpg?w=300&amp;q=55&amp;auto=format&amp;usm=12&amp;fit=max&amp;s=73e870c19ddfd05ffd9227b322e10a5e\" alt=\"Inside a brothel complex in Timika, West Papua\" \/> <\/picture><\/div>\n<div class=\"block-share block-share--article hide-on-mobile \" data-link-name=\"block share\"><\/div><figcaption class=\"caption caption--img caption caption--img\">Inside a brothel complex in Timika, West Papua. HIV rates in the region are of \u2018epidemic\u2019 proportions, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.unicef.org\/indonesia\/A4-_E_Issue_Brief_HIV_REV.pdf\">according to the UN<\/a>, 15 times higher than anywhere else in Indonesia.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Indigenous chiefs have watched as a newfound promiscuity has brought sexually transmitted infections that have ravaged their communities. \u201cTraditional Papuan culture forbids free sex, but alcohol makes our communities vulnerable,\u201d says the Amungme chief, Martin Mangal. \u201cAnd brothels make it easy to contract HIV.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>HIV rates in West Papua are of \u201cepidemic\u201d proportions, <a class=\"u-underline\" href=\"http:\/\/www.unicef.org\/indonesia\/A4-_E_Issue_Brief_HIV_REV.pdf\" data-link-name=\"in body link\">according to the UN<\/a>, 15 times higher than anywhere else in Indonesia. Driven almost entirely by unsafe sex, HIV is also far more prevalent among indigenous Papuans. Yet the existence of only one hospital \u2013 built by Freeport \u2013 means that most people, particularly those in remote highland villages, don\u2019t get the help they need.<\/p>\n<p>Late last year, the Indonesian president, Joko Widodo, claimed he was willing to work towards a \u201cbetter Papua\u201d: \u201c<a class=\"u-underline\" href=\"http:\/\/jakartaglobe.beritasatu.com\/news\/joko-breaks-silence-security-force-killings-paniai\/\" data-link-name=\"in body link\">I want to listen to the people\u2019s voices<\/a>.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>However, human rights violations have actually increased since Widodo took power, according to Indonesia\u2019s Commission for the Disappeared and Victims of Violence (Kontras), which has logged <a class=\"u-underline\" href=\"http:\/\/www.radionz.co.nz\/international\/pacific-news\/301234\/indonesian-rights-body-notes-rampant-rights-abuses-in-papua\" data-link-name=\"in body link\">1,200 incidents of harassment, beatings, torture and killings of Papuans by Indonesian security forces<\/a> since his election in 2014.<\/p>\n<p>The Indonesian government did not respond to multiple requests for comment. The country\u2019s military has consistently denied any wrongdoing in Papua.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"img-6\" class=\"element element-image img--landscape fig--narrow-caption fig--has-shares \" data-component=\"image\" data-media-id=\"e9a67d57fe51195b92697341ba644a4de26c6fae\">\n<div class=\"u-responsive-ratio\"><picture><source srcset=\"https:\/\/i.guim.co.uk\/img\/media\/e9a67d57fe51195b92697341ba644a4de26c6fae\/0_0_5760_3840\/master\/5760.jpg?w=620&amp;q=20&amp;auto=format&amp;usm=12&amp;fit=max&amp;dpr=2&amp;s=ba3035e3a186a804f16081991146ff02 1240w\" media=\"(min-width: 660px) and (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1.25), (min-width: 660px) and (min-resolution: 120dpi)\" sizes=\"620px\" \/><source srcset=\"https:\/\/i.guim.co.uk\/img\/media\/e9a67d57fe51195b92697341ba644a4de26c6fae\/0_0_5760_3840\/master\/5760.jpg?w=620&amp;q=55&amp;auto=format&amp;usm=12&amp;fit=max&amp;s=15e1cc0ca9220f7dc5a9ac2204c6b08e 620w\" media=\"(min-width: 660px)\" sizes=\"620px\" \/><source srcset=\"https:\/\/i.guim.co.uk\/img\/media\/e9a67d57fe51195b92697341ba644a4de26c6fae\/0_0_5760_3840\/master\/5760.jpg?w=605&amp;q=20&amp;auto=format&amp;usm=12&amp;fit=max&amp;dpr=2&amp;s=34b957dcdc95ad1965610560344bb8fd 1210w\" media=\"(min-width: 480px) and (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1.25), (min-width: 480px) and (min-resolution: 120dpi)\" sizes=\"605px\" \/><source srcset=\"https:\/\/i.guim.co.uk\/img\/media\/e9a67d57fe51195b92697341ba644a4de26c6fae\/0_0_5760_3840\/master\/5760.jpg?w=605&amp;q=55&amp;auto=format&amp;usm=12&amp;fit=max&amp;s=e101f75cabf450c3e0bc9b277a5af65d 605w\" media=\"(min-width: 480px)\" sizes=\"605px\" \/><source srcset=\"https:\/\/i.guim.co.uk\/img\/media\/e9a67d57fe51195b92697341ba644a4de26c6fae\/0_0_5760_3840\/master\/5760.jpg?w=445&amp;q=20&amp;auto=format&amp;usm=12&amp;fit=max&amp;dpr=2&amp;s=a5f21683fa444b76133e715c836a750a 890w\" media=\"(min-width: 0px) and (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1.25), (min-width: 0px) and (min-resolution: 120dpi)\" sizes=\"445px\" \/><source srcset=\"https:\/\/i.guim.co.uk\/img\/media\/e9a67d57fe51195b92697341ba644a4de26c6fae\/0_0_5760_3840\/master\/5760.jpg?w=445&amp;q=55&amp;auto=format&amp;usm=12&amp;fit=max&amp;s=151b36ea2fe455e037a08db34b84c621 445w\" media=\"(min-width: 0px)\" sizes=\"445px\" \/><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"gu-image\" src=\"https:\/\/i.guim.co.uk\/img\/media\/e9a67d57fe51195b92697341ba644a4de26c6fae\/0_0_5760_3840\/master\/5760.jpg?w=300&amp;q=55&amp;auto=format&amp;usm=12&amp;fit=max&amp;s=0d415abde286168d91f5ca75e5a4a50a\" alt=\"Tribes from all over the region have come to Banti in order to exploit the artisanal mining of the river\" \/> <\/picture><\/div>\n<div class=\"block-share block-share--article hide-on-mobile \" data-link-name=\"block share\"><\/div><figcaption class=\"caption caption--img caption caption--img\">Tribes from across the region have come to Banti in order to exploit the artisanal mining of the river, causing significant disruption to life in the village.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Despite everything, there have been small glimmers of hope. This summer, Dutch human rights law firm Prakken D\u2019Oliveira submitted a formal legal complaint against Indonesia to the UN Human Rights Council, accusing the government of \u201c<a class=\"u-underline\" href=\"http:\/\/www.prakkendoliveira.nl\/en\/news\/launch-of-campaign-for-self-determination-of-west-papua\/\" data-link-name=\"in body link\">long-term, widespread and systematic human rights violations<\/a>\u201d and the \u201ccomplete denial of the right to self-determination of the people of West-Papua\u201d.<\/p>\n<p>Later this year, West Papua is expected to be granted full membership of the <a class=\"u-underline\" href=\"http:\/\/www.msgsec.info\/\" data-link-name=\"in body link\">Melanesian Spearhood Group<\/a>, an important sub-regional coalition of countries including Fiji, Vanuatu and Papua New Guinea.<\/p>\n<p>The Brisbane commission, which warned of the risk of genocide, is calling on Indonesia to allow Papua, once and for all, the right to self-determination.<\/p>\n<p>Yet some fear the opportunity for change in Papua is long gone.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cIs healing even possible?\u201d asked Professor Agus Sumule, shaking his head. \u201cIt could be too late.\u201d<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The $100bn gold mine and the West Papuans who say they are counting the cost Link: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2016\/nov\/02\/100-bn-dollar-gold-mine-west-papuans-say-they-are-counting-the-cost-indonesia By Susan Schulman Grasberg mine in the Indonesian region has been a source of untold wealth for its owners, but local communities say it has brought poverty and oppression The delta of West Papua\u2019s Aikwa river, on Kamoro [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1878,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[25,29],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1820","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-freeport-mining","category-west-papua-news"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infopapua.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1820","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infopapua.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infopapua.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infopapua.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infopapua.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=1820"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/www.infopapua.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1820\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1865,"href":"https:\/\/www.infopapua.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1820\/revisions\/1865"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infopapua.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/1878"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infopapua.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=1820"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infopapua.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=1820"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infopapua.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=1820"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}